phonetik dan phonologi

B. Relation between phonetics and phonology

1. Phonetics vs phonology

Phonetics  is deals with the production of speech sounds by humans, often without prior knowledge of the language being spoken. Phonology is about patterns of sounds, especially different patterns of sounds in different languages, or within each language, different patterns of sounds in different positions in word etc.

2. Phonology as grammar of ohonotics patterns

·         The consonant cluster /st/ is OK at the beginning, middle or end of words in english.

·         The beginnings of words, /str/ is OK in english, but /ftr/ or /ʃtr/ are not (they are ungrammatical).

·         /ʃtr/ is OK in the middle of words, however,e.g. in “ashtray”

·         /ʃtr/ is OK at the beginnings of words in german, though, and /ftr/ is OK word-initially in russian, but not in english or german.

3. a given sound have a different function or statusin the sound patterns of different languages

For example, the glottal stop [?] occurr  in both english and arabic but..

·         In english, at the beginnings of a word, [?] is a just way of beginning vowels and does not occur with consonants. In the middle or at the end of a word [?] is one possible pronunciation of /t/in e.g. “pat” [pa?]

·         In arabic, /?/ is a consonant sound like any other (/k/,t, or whatever): [?Ìktib] “write!”, [da?ÌÍ?a] minute (time), [ħa??] right.

4. phonology system

Phonology is not just (or even mainly) concerned with categories or objects (such as consonants, vowels, phonemes, allophones, ets) but is also crucially about relations, for example, the english stops and fricatives can be grouped into related pairs which differ in voicing and (for the stops)aspiration:

                Voiceless/ aspirated       p^h                t^h             k^h            f              s              θ             ʃ               h

                Voiced / unaspirated      b             d             ǥ             v              z              ð             Ȝ              (unpaired)

Patterns lead to expectations: we expect the voiceless fricative [h] to be paired with a voiced [ħ], but we do not find this sound as a distinctive phoneme in english. And in fact /h/ functions differently from the other voiceless fricatives (it has a different  distribution in words etc.) so even though [h] is phoneticically classed as avoiceless fricative, it is phonologically quite different from /f/,/s/,/θ/ and /ʃ/.

Different patterns are found in other languages. In classical greek a three-way dictinction was made between stops :

               

Voiceles/ aspirated                         p^h                  t^h                   k^h

Voiced/ unaspirated                        p                 t                k

Voiced (and unaspirated)               b                 d                g

In hindi –Urdu a four-way pattern is found, at five

Places of articulation.

               

                Voiceles aspirated                           p^h                  t^h                   t^h

                        Voiceles unaspirated                    p                  t              t

Voiced unaspirated                              b                 d             etc.

Breathy voiced (‘voiced aspirates’)    b^ɦ                d^ɦ              etc.